ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS ON PUBLIC HEALTH: AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF URBAN POPULATIONS IN SOUTH ASIA

Abstract

Environmental pollution poses one of the most significant threats to global public health, with its effects being especially severe in rapidly urbanizing regions such as South Asia. Urban centers like Delhi, Karachi, Dhaka, and Lahore are facing escalating levels of air, water, and soil contamination, which disproportionately affect socioeconomically disadvantaged populations.This study adopts an epidemiological approach to evaluate the relationship between environmental pollutants and public health outcomes across major South Asian cities. Data were collected on pollutant concentrations, disease prevalence, and socioeconomic variables, followed by stratified analysis to calculate relative risk and exposure differentials. Both quantitative data modeling and visual analytics were employed to interpret pollution-health dynamics and socio-spatial disparities.Results demonstrate strong associations between pollutant exposure and a spectrum of health conditions, including respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, neurodevelopmental impairments, and mental health issues. Low-income populations and urban slum dwellers were found to be at significantly higher risk due to their proximity to high-pollution zones and lack of access to clean resources and healthcare.The study concludes that environmental pollution is not only an ecological or infrastructural concern but a pressing public health emergency. Effective mitigation requires a multisectoral response, incorporating regulatory reforms, health system strengthening, climate-resilient infrastructure, and inclusive urban planning. Without timely intervention, pollution-related morbidity and mortality will continue to escalate, undermining regional health equity and sustainable development goals. This research provides critical insights for policymakers, urban planners, and public health officials aiming to reduce environmental health burdens and protect vulnerable populations across the South Asian region.